Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Essay -- Sociology

The old African proverb it takes a whole village to reprimand a child (Mohamed, 1996, p. 57) rings significantly through and through Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner and Evans 2000) a surmise which focuses on gaining insight into human suppuration through identifying the circumstances and considering the environmental influences of which a child is raised not just the genetic components. This essay will endeavour to encompass my understanding of Bronfenbrenners theory by incorporating the effect of the theory in child development and the significance of the nested corpses with the purpose of illustrating the importance for the development of secondary sensation and the development of the expression of emotion from infancy through to adolescence.Bronfenbrenners approach was to study children in their natural environments to explore how a child experiences and interprets their world within a complex system of relationships (Berk, 2009, p. 26). His theory r egards the environment of a child taking into account the practices within that environment and how they might influence development and of the childs individual connections to aim the way in which external forces and the child interrelate to influence their development (Paquette and Ryan, n.d.). It is important to recognise how the interaction of the systems with bidirectional (adults affect childrens behaviour alone childrens behaviour can also affect adults behaviour Berk, 2009) influences within and between the systems can strengthen or interrupt healthy child development as each system contains roles, norms, values, beliefs and rules that can effectively shape their development. From this writers perspective Bronfenbrenners theory ... ...ampos, R. G., & Barrett, K. C. (1989). Emergent themes in the study of worked up development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 394-402. doi 10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.394.Mohamed, E.R. (1996). It Takes a Whole Village to Raise a Child. Peabody Journal of Education, Mentors and Mentoring 71(1), 57. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1492552?uid=3737536&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21100750938471Paquette, D., & Ryan, J. (n.d.). Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory. Retrieved from http//pt3.nl.edu/paquetteryanwebquest.pdfWilson, R.L. (2003). The emotional life of children. Wagga Wagga Keon.Wilson, R.L. (2012). Child and adolescent psychology. Week 4. Psy113 CSU Forums. Retrieved March 23, 2012 from Charles Sturt University website http//forums.csu.edu.au/perl/forums.pl?forum_id=PSY113_201230_B_D_forum

Colosseum and the Speckles Organ Pavilion :: Compare Architecture Architectural Essays

Colosseum and the Speckles harmonium marqueeThe city of San Diego has al shipway been a popular site for tourists. Balboa Park is one of the main tourist sites that is home to an enormous arrangement of art, history and science museums, galleries, and the old globe theatres and the world famous San Diego zoo. Many of these buildings and musuems be based on Aztec and Spanish architecture. Unlike other buildings in Balboa Park, the Speckles Organ Pavilion has a unique blend of ancient Roman and western architecture. The Pavilion was designed by architecture Harrison Albright in 1914, a native San Diego. The Pavilion has remarkable resemblance to the Colosseum in Rome, Italy. Although the Organ Pavilion and the Colosseum are not exact duplicates, they are alike in basic structure format and apportion a purpose for similar contributions to the city.The Colosseum was an enormous entertainment center. Roman audiences watched a variety of athletic events and spectacles, including animal hunts, fights to the death between gladiators or between gladiators and terrific animals, performances of trained animals and acrobats, and even mock sea battle. The colosseum is designed in an oval shape, like many stadiums today, and seats up to 50,000 spectators. The concrete core, with its vaulted corridors and stair ways is devised to ensure the smooth flow of traffic to and from the arena. The semi-circle outer walls of the Colosseum consist of three levels, the three Classical orders are superimposed according to their weight Doric, the oldest, on the first level, its followed by the Ionic, then the third level the Corinthian capitals. These are the basic structures of the Colosseum in Rome.The Organ Pavilion is not a exact duplicate nor does it demeanor anything like the Colosseum. on that point are some similarities between the the two architecture. For instance, the stage is proud beneath a detailed arch, the arms a Corithian peristyle effect that wind out on the so uth side to encircle the outdoor audience. Along the arms are two row of 12 Corithian columns on each side. There are no vaults that are formed, the roof top is flat. This creates a walk way leading to the stage. The amphitheater can seat up to 2400 people. The seats are metal seats laid across a flat plane. This was hard for people in the back to see from the back because the seats were not elevated from the back.

Cause and Effect Essay - Christianity Causes Divorce -- Expository Cau

Cause and Effect Essay - Christianity Causes DivorceBible Belt Couples Put Asunder More, the New York Times proclaim on May 21 of this year The divide rate in many parts of the Bible Belt is roughly 50% above the depicted object average. So much for the nonion that secularism is to blame for the decline of traditional families, among other frequently lamented social ills. Apparently, in a least a few states, the disarticulate rate correlates to an excess of piety, not the absence of it. What do we make of this amusing correlation? I doubt that religiosity directly causes divorce, but in virtually cases it may cause conjugal union, by condemning premarital sex and cohabitation as sinful and marriage, of course, is the one indisputable cause of divorce. Marry in haste divorce when you come to your senses. I had this vision that this is just what people do Get married, have kids and Christ comes back, one Oklahoma divorcee told the New York Times.She remarried, but a great many O klahomans apparently prefer living in sin. (Religion may not cause marriage after all.) According to the Times, the number of unmarried cohabitating couples in Oklahoma increased 97 percent in the past ten years. It increased 125 percent in atomic number 18 and 123 percent in Tennessee. The average national increase in unmarried couples for the same period was 72 percent.Statistics like these are deeply troubling to God-fearing social conservatives like Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who declared a marital emergency in his state and Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, who has initiated a multimillion dollar campaign to change marriage by sending publicly funded marriage ambassadors to talk shows and public schools and providing premarital education. ... ...tates, when the Supreme Court held that Mormons could be prosecuted for entering into polygamous marriages. Thus, Judeo-Christian notions of marriage are incorporated into law while historic Mormon beliefs about marriage are cri minalized.As Utah polygamist Tom Green recently learned, laws against septuple spouses are still liable to be enforced. Green, who boasted five wives and an estimated twenty-five to thirty children, was convicted of four counts of bigamy (and one count of nonsupport). He was not a particularly clement defendant one of his wives was only fourteen when he married her, and he could not support all the children he promiscuously fathered. So, its probably not fair to say he was prosecuted because of his religious beliefs, but he was prosecuted in spite of them. He is not a particularly virtuous man, but he is, after all, a religious one.

Essay --

The loss of innocence Any churl under the age of eighteen that is supposed to wed is thrown into the category of child jointures. This exert is very popular in India, Africa, Latin America and Oceania simply the biggest area is Yemen and Saudi Arabia who does non have a minimum age requirement and does not protect the womens rights under any circumstances. International and home(prenominal) civil right activists are appalled at the rising number of illegal and minor(ip) child marriages in foreign and neighboring countries. The downfalls of these marriages are that they set down the childs physical and mental health and are one of the main reasons for undereducated women in the world. Local and government officials need to be victorious action to put an end to this long time tradition. Firstly, these girls are usually a citation of money or a dowry for her family. According to Websters dictionary, a dowry is property bought by a bride to her husband at the time of marriage (112). Following this even further, marrying to young can have sombre and even life threating effects on their life. Gi... Essay -- The loss of innocence Any child under the age of eighteen that is supposed to wed is thrown into the category of child marriages. This practice is very popular in India, Africa, Latin America and Oceania but the biggest area is Yemen and Saudi Arabia who does not have a minimum age requirement and does not protect the womens rights under any circumstances. International and domestic civil right activists are appalled at the rising number of illegal and underage child marriages in foreign and neighboring countries. The downfalls of these marriages are that they deteriorate the childs physical and mental health and are one of the main reasons for uneducated women in the world. Local and government officials need to be taking action to put an end to this long time tradition. Firstly, these girls are usually a source of money or a dowry fo r her family. According to Websters dictionary, a dowry is property bought by a bride to her husband at the time of marriage (112). Following this even further, marrying to young can have serious and even life threating effects on their life. Gi...

Sense of Belonging in Our Society :: Personal Narrative Essays

Sense of Belonging in Our Society   Fashion is one of those things that people goat claim they dont care about. They can defend again and again that it doesnt matter what one wears, its the person who wears it. But in all likelihood they will retain to be judged, as we all are, for the clothes on our body, the shoes on our feet and the hairstyle we are sporting.   In one journal entry I wrote, I brought to imperfect that the popular group is something that every one of us, for some reason feels as though we need to be a part of. This is from my own experience and things I have observed throughout my four-year career in high school. I think it was perhaps worse in junior high, however. When you are in ordinal and eighth grade you are not sure of who you are and are desperately searching around for something to belong to, to be a part of. wherefore is this, why are we a society that are most often drawn to the most popular, cool and beautiful that high school has to offer? why is acceptance the most important thing to us, is belonging really as important as losing your own sense of self? Who you hang out with, who your closest friends are as an adolescent without a doubt help to shape who you are. And its funny that you seem to end up being friends with the ones who are the same example of people as you. Same fashion sense, taste in music or cars and movies. When searching for an identity in high school, it is hard not to average attempt to pick up the one that seems the most socially acceptable. I know that my personal experiences include these conforming characteristics. Still as a crank in college I am constantly looking at the fashion of my peers, wondering to myself do they think I fit in? This was especially professedly the first few weeks of college when I wasnt sure who my good friends were going to be I made sure that I dressed as well as I could everyday, in all the new clothes I had bought specifically for co llege.

Sense of Belonging in Our Society :: Personal Narrative Essays

Sense of Belonging in Our Society   Fashion is one of those things that people mint claim they dont c ar about. They can defend again and again that it doesnt matter what one wears, its the person who wears it. But in altogether likelihood they will continue to be judged, as we only are, for the clothes on our body, the shoes on our feet and the hairstyle we are sporting.   In one journal entry I wrote, I brought to light that the popular group is something that every(prenominal) one of us, for some reason feels as though we need to be a part of. This is from my own experience and things I have observed throughout my four-year career in high school. I think it was perhaps worse in junior high, however. When you are in seventh and eighth grade you are not sure of who you are and are desperately searching around for something to belong to, to be a part of. Why is this, why are we a society that are most often drawn to the most popular, cool and beautiful that h igh school has to offer? Why is acceptance the most all important(predicate) thing to us, is belonging really as important as losing your own sense of self? Who you hang out with, who your closest friends are as an young without a doubt help to shape who you are. And its funny that you seem to end up being friends with the ones who are the same type of people as you. same fashion sense, taste in music or cars and movies. When searching for an identity in high school, it is hard not to just attempt to pick up the one that seems the most socially acceptable. I know that my personal experiences include these conforming characteristics. Still as a freshman in college I am constantly looking at the fashion of my peers, wondering to myself do they think I fit in? This was especially true the first few weeks of college when I wasnt sure who my good friends were going to be I made sure that I dressed as well as I could everyday, in all the new clothes I had bought specificall y for college.

Klipspringer

In F. Scott Fitzgeralds famous fiction, The salient Gatsby, the short-lived character of Ewing Klipspringer plays a large role in representing a major theme of the novel the hollowness of the upper class. though Klipspringer simply briefly appears during the story, his character is an important symbol for the way wealth and the upper class is perceive in the novel. While he may seem like an unimportant character due to his blunt appearance in the novel, he plays a monumental part in representing the greedy nd materialistic mentality of the upper class.We atomic number 18 introduced to Klipspringer in chapter five of The Great Gatsby, being described as a slightly worn young man, with shell-rimmed glasses and scanty blonde hair. Klipspringer is a frequent guest at the Gatsby mansion, playing the piano for Mr. Gatsby and staying at the mansion as he pleases. The way he is described in the novel assumes he has a somewhat innocent demeanor, where he is decently clothed and seems awkward and low when Gatsby asks him to lay the piano however, he proves to have the opposite disposition.He is otherwise recognized as a freeloader, as he uses Gatsby for his enormous wealth and he has no sympathy or gratitude for Gatsby, proven by his absence at Gatsbys funeral. In several ways, Klipspringers greed and selfishness reflects the entire society of the upper class. They take advantage of Gatsbys successfulness and parties yet they have no feelings towards him. Like the rest of Gatsbys hundreds of guests, Klipspringer fails to reckon Gatsbys funeral at the end of the novel.Klipspringer furthermore goes to call Nick during Gatsbys funeral to retrieve a pair of his lawn tennis shoes, rather than calling to send any condolences. Klipspringers omit of compassion and sympathy speaks for Gatsbys relationship with all of his many guests although he serves them generously, they lack any gratitude or empathy towards him. Though Klipspringer unaccompanied appears in the no vel a short time, his brief appearance plays an important role in showcasing a vital theme in the novel the hollowness of the upper class. At the end of chapter five, Gatsby requests Klipspringer to play him a song on the piano.Klipspringer plays the song, Aint We Got Fun, singing along, One things sure and nothings surer, the rich get richer and the unretentive get children. In the meantime, in between time. In several ways, Klipspringers song choice suggests the shallow, unhappy lifestyle of the upper class. While they live lavish lifestyles and attend ornate parties, none of these provide any personal value. This proves especially true for Gatsby himself, as he spends large amounts of money on is extravagant parties, yet none of them bring him any true happiness.Klipspringers freeloading at Gatsbys mansion also shows how wealthy Gatsby truly is, being able to have a personal piano musician stay at his mansion. It reflects his new money lifestyle of carelessly spending money, and represents the ostentatious ways of the newly rich residents of West Egg. The upscale residents of West Egg are not brought up by wealthy families, and have not been prosperous for most of their lives thus, the residents of West Egg are typically more humble, but lack the ophistication of those in East Egg.While Klipspringer was short-lived in the story, he serves as a symbol for the novels greater theme the hollowness ot the upper class. Though ne is only one man, he reflects the whole acquisitive society of the upper class spending money carelessly, and taking advantage of Gatsbys wealth and gaudy parties. Although he only made a brief appearance, he plays a large role in characterizing the egotistic and selfish ways of the upper class in The Great Gatsby.

Hamptonshire Express: Problems 1-3 Essay

bother 1A. How many sweetspapers should Sheen stock? Use the simulation in the spreadsheet Hamptonshire Express chore 1 to identify the optimal stocking sum. What is the profit at this stocking quantity? best Stocking Quantity 584Expected profit at Optimal Stocking Quantity $331.43 B. Verify that the prize derived in part (a) is consistent with the optimal stocking quantity in the Newsvendor model= mean = 500= Standard Deviation = 100= Overage hurt = $0.20$0 = $0.20= Shortage Cost = $0.20$1.00 = $0.80= 1.8 = .2 corresponding zvalue = .84.Problem 2A. How many hours should Sheen invest daily in the inception of the profile section?The optimal amount of hours Sheen should invest results in optimal profit/day at 4 hours With optimal stocking quantity 685And judge profit/day $371.33B. What explains Sheens choice of effort aim h?Since the marginal cost of her effort is $10/hour and the marginal proceeds of her effort is equal to8 * 50 = 10 h = 42The hours invested will be opti mized when marginal cost = marginal benefit, in this illustration h = 4. C. Comp be the optimal profit under this scenario with the optimal profit derived in Problem 1.Optimal Profit in 1 = $331.43 584 wholes = $0.5675/unit Optimal Profit in 2 = $371.33 685 units = $0.5421/unitAlthough the optimal profit is increased from scenario 1 to scenario 2 by $39.90 the per unit profit is down by 0.0254/unit produced, however since overall profit is up, the added hours invested is still optimal.Problem 3A. Assuming h=4 what would Armentrouts stocking quantity be?Armentrouts optimal stocking quantity is 516B. Why does the optimal stocking quantity differ from the optimal stocking quantity identify in Problem 2? Is the result here consistent with the newsvendor construction?The optimal stocking quantities differ because there is a new player involved and new costs associated with overages and shortages. These results are still consistent with the newsvendor formula since the new model looks like= mean = 600= Standard Deviation = 100= Overage Cost = $0.80= Shortage Cost = $1.00$0.80 = $0.20= 1.8 = .2 corresponding zvalue = .85 .C. outright try varying h How does her optimal effort in this question differ from the answer in question 2? Why?In interrogate 2, Sheens profit is maximized at optimal effort = 4. In Question 3, Sheens profit is optimal when h = 2 because her meshwork are being shared with Armentrout and the amount of hours Sheen invests determines the amount of copies that Armentrout will purchase depending on his demand.D. How would changing the transfer price from the current value of $0.80 per theme impact Sheens effort level and Armentrouts stocking decision?Transfer Price Increase from $0.80 to $0.90 =Sheens Effort = 2.25 to 3.063Armentrouts Stocking termination = 491 to 459Sheens incentivized to put in more effort and therefore reap more profit but Armentrouts stock will correct and present less profit if transfer price is increased.Transfer Pric e Decrease from $0.80 to $0.70 =Sheens Effort = 2.25 to 1.563Armentrouts Stocking Decision = 491 to 510If the transfer price is decreased, Sheens incentivized to put in less effort because she is making less profit and Armentrouts stock will increase since his costs are lower allowing him to make a higher profit.E. What conclusion can you draw about stocking and effort levels in a differentiated channel vis vis an integrated rigid that manufactures and retails its product?Stocking and effort levels are optimized throughout the chain in an integrated firm that manufactures and retails its products because there is a direct benefit and because incentives are line up between manufacturing and retailing. They want to put forth the optimal effort to produce the maximum amount of units that will optimize profits.Optimal Profit in Problem 2 h=4 $371.33 685 Units with fill rate 98%In a differentiated firm when there is an added level, in this case a level to retail, the manufacturing an d retailing parties do not share the same goals, therefore stocking and effortlevels are not optimized. Supplier just now wants to produce as much as retail will buy at the minimum effort level and retail only wants to buy as much as will make them an optimal profit, I because stocking excess will incur losses.Optimal Profit in Problem 3 h=4 516 Units with fill rate of only 86%

Organizational studies Essay

The operational -Structural Approach has dominated organisational studies. Describe and discuss the paradigm fully and assess the dispute posed to it by Postmodernism. insertion Functional blast Is considered the second very essential paradigm In psychology. Functional morphologic surface in psychology deals with cognitive processes that Incorporate soul (Burrell and G beth, 41). William James the father of practicable approach came up to this paradigm from a examinepoint that usable approach in psychology is very important biological manoeuvre.He also postulated that sychologists ought to empathize the functions related to cognition so as to comprehend how mental processes in humans operate. Organizational studies is the study that Involves examining how idiosyncratics build organisational processes, structures, and practices, moreover, it studies how these phenomenon in turn shape social Interactions and creates judicatures that impacts individuals (Knights, and Glenn , 252). Remarkably, organisational studies incorporate diverse areas that consider varied features of the organization.Arguably, cognitive oriented psychologists often describe human behavioral activities rom the perspective of mental constructs they argue that classical conditioning as a means of behavior change is due the twisting of associations inwardly the individuals cognition. Postmodernism in philosophy is a movement that is very precarious of the Introductory assumptions and the propensity of western philosophy. Generally, postmodernism emphasizes the signifi roll in the hayce of personalization, power relationships and discourse in construction of the world views and truth (Alvesson, 5).It can be described as a set of strategic. critical, and rhetorical activities incorporating the use f concepts that Include trace, repetition and hyper reality to trim down separate concepts such as Identity epistemic certainty, unlvoclty of meaning and historical progress. Following the present dominance of operational geomorphological approach in organisational studies currently. this paper will present how functional structural approach has dominated organizational studies.Moreover, it will discuss this paradigm fully and further assess the challenge posed to It by postmodernism. Functional Structural Approach As a structural tneory, Tunctlonal structural approacn vlews tne organlzatlon In tne ociety being more important than any other individual within the society. Arguably, functional structural approach is a top down concept individuals in the long run become products of societal influences as they become socialized by the institutions around them that include media, religion, family, and education.Functional approach is very important in the study of organizational studies because it offers a perspective of view the society as a set of interconnected parts that in the long run function as a whole. It is therefore of great importance to acknowledge he importance of functional structural approach in the study of organizational studies. Other than explaining the cognitive operations of human beings, the functional structural approach offers a platform of understanding the relationships that exist between these parts in the society hence contributing towards the maintenance of society.Through the nonion of structural functionalism approach, the use of cognitive analogy in the tradition of Spencer, Comte and Durkheim has greatly influenced upon sociological thought (Burrell and Gareth, 43). By deriving upon the concepts of interrelationships between parts, holism, functions and needs the biological equivalence has been constructed in varied was to develop a social science perspective firmly linked to the sociology of regulation.Following the functional structural approach, the study of organizational studies have alter in that functionalist believe that sociological matters should be approach from a perspective of scientific fac ts, a concept otherwise known incontrovertibleness. According to the father of positivism Anguste Comte, functionalism should be based n primary facts and objectively weighed hence making it possible to note issues in the society that impact individuals hence providing a manikin for innovation in law and implementing new legislation (Siebert, 36).The functional structural approach has been launch to be of great significance in the study of organizational studies in that, by adopting the use of methodology in natural science and focusing on direct observable social facts, one is able to understand how parts that exist in the society function, hence the organizational behavior, organizational culture, organizational psychology, and organizational heory. Functional structural approach in sociology stresses the significance of the living interdependence among various patterns and institutions within a social setting for its long term subsistence.According to mile Durkheim, functiona lism is essential in understanding the utility of heathenish and social traits, because it enlightens its contribution to the maneuvering of the overall system. Functionalism is therefore of great importance to the study of social behavior, organizational culture, organizational psychology, and organizational theory, because It OTTers a platTorm 0T crltlcally revlewlng tne reasons Denlna ce rtaln Denavlor patterns based on cognitive abbreviation.Arguably, functional approach is very significant in the study of attitudes (Herbert, 10). Understanding attitudes is very important to organizational studies. From a psychological point of view, the reasons hind end changing attitudes are derived from the functions they accomplish to the individual specifically incorporating value expression, ego defense and knowledge. It is therefore very important to note the dominance of functional approach not only to the study of patterns in the society but lso to the changing attitudes from a cogn itive perspective.In the recent years, organizational studies have been established to be increasingly important in social scientific investigation. Based on the number of research studies related to functional structural approach, it is important to note that organizational studies have cl conditioned a better part of the functional approach (Crowther and Green, 50). Most research these days seeks a functional explanation of organizational studies, thus a societal functioning. What is the approaching of functional approach in organizational studies? contempt the opposition encountered by scientifically oriented organizational studies from some British organization researchers, their support on qualitative studies failed to yield credible knowledge. Their qualitative studies on organizational studies were not incorporated in the literature of organization studies because it produced no reason out knowledge. Following the failure of qualitative studies from these researchers, there has been a great increase in the number of researchers that incorporate the use of functional approach when researching issues that relate to rganizational studies. volume of these researchers are oriented to the functional structural approach. Remarkably, the functional paradigm in psychology have hampered the rapid development of organizational studies, this will benefit the future due to the increased use of cognitive perspectives to in understanding patterns and structures in the society. Arguably, organizational studies will always provide knowledge about the performance within a society to the succeeding generations by incorporating and applying the use of functional approach hence making progress in social science.According to Hawthorne studies, functional approach has been helpful and dominant in studying and analyzing the behavior patterns among employees (Burrell and Gareth, 131). The conclusion made from these studies emerged based on conceptual scheme explanation of emp loyee complaint which was determined gulp explanations from the functional approach. It is important to note that functional approach has dominated research pertaining to industrial problems, the interface which occurs due to the changes in the physical environment and the equilibrium established in such settings .Remarkably, theoretical views have changed overtime, nese views nave Decome more certain ana amDlvalent. I nese views nave Deen integrated to become more determinists, functionalists, more generalizing, and more organizationally rational. It is acknowledgeable that the functional approach has played a huge role towards explaining organizational studies. The challenge posed to Functional-structural approach by Postmodernism Despite the success and dominance of structural functional approach, postmodernism poses a great challenge to its subsistence and persistence.According to the post modernists, their theory is critical on the claims about bjectivity. The idea of grand th eory is viewed by the postmodernists as doubting and is viewed as unwarranted at its very least. This critique posed by the postmodernists to the structural functional approach has hindered the prosperity of this approach in the present times. Despite the importance of structural functional approach to organizational studies, postmodernism presents the dangers that the grand theory can pose, when not viewed as limited perspective when analyzing the society (Kilduff and Mihaela, 94).To some extent, the functional approach is not applicable in the postmodern society ecause norms and family structure within the society have incredibly changed overtime (Lord, 509), the changes realized in the postmodern times can be attributed as a move towards the idea of a new explanation of organizational studies. From this perspective, the use of functional approach is not useful anymore since it does not apply to postmodern society. The functional approach has been highly criticized for being more of teleological. It is has been viewed to be reverse the cause and effect order.Functional structural theory has faced a lot of criticisms from other social theories articularly the postmodernists. The most prevalent criticism faced by the social structural function from the postmodernists and other sociological notions, is the fact that most of these notions particularly the postmodern theory criticize the structural functional theory on the grounds that the concept systems of this theory offers too much unnecessary weight to consensus and integration, hence neglecting the concept of interdependence and conflict.In this theory, Parsons gave no satisfactory explanation as to how actors exercise their agency in antagonism to inculcation and socialization of the concured norms. Generally, the structural functional theory does not offer a credible explanation as to why individuals accept or choose some values and norms within the society. From a postmodernist approach, the prominenc e of structural functional approach is heading to its end.This is based on the view that feminism is on a high rise and has launched critics on the functionalism theory. Considering that the functional approach did not incorporate the suppression of women in the society and the family, feminism and the post-modernist are at high opposition to the existence of this theory. Desplte tne Tact tnat Parsons aescrlDea sltuatlons tnat lead to tne rlse 0T women state of affairs and that some womens liberationists agree that he provided accurate information concerning these situations.Parsons admits that he oversimplified his analysis concerning women in relation to family and work moreover he postulates that he focused more towards the positive functions within the family rather than its dysfunctions towards women. The postmodernist criticize this theory because it lacks the feminist stability. Arguably, the postmodernist are likely to pose a huge challenge o the prevalence of this theory be cause it views the theory as a one that does not incorporate all the necessary elements.One major difference between modernism and any other notion paradigm in psychology particularly the functional approach is the fact that whereas the structural functional approach seek universal laws for social behavior important in the study of organizational studies, the postmodernism views that the aim of social science should not be generalizability but rather innovation and discovery (Kilduff and Mihaela, 97). Remarkably, the catastrophe experienced in functional approach while analyzing rganizational studies can be attributed to postmodernism.Postmodernism is more likely to pose a huge challenge to the prevalence of functional approach, according to postmodernism, multiple contingencies upset outcomes while the historical and the cultural conditions can be ignored by people are well conversant with this knowledge. Conclusions In conclusion, it is evident that functional structural approach has dominated organizational studies. Despite its prevalence, postmodernism post a huge challenge to its development and growth.

African American Culture and Traditions

The Afri cigaret American finale and Traditions A Research nurture and Facts That Will Take Us Into What Makes This Culture So Unique. Jeanette C. Council Dr. Jefferson Rackley COUN 504 5 May 2012 Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the uniqueness and diversity of lot and practices of the African American agriculture. Each culture in life has some similarities and some differences. The similarities and differences that are present in a culture is what make the culture what it is.When dealing with a culture, race, ethnicity, of a people or religion it has a history of where it originates and or a hereditary pattern that that culture or people can relate to and al styles go back to, beca practise this is what sets a group a sort out from the next. We will look at the key factors that contri unlesse to family patterns found in my family of origin, which is the Jewish culture. We will in addition compare and contrast the similarities and differen ces between my family origins, which is that of the African American origin. Introduction There are many cultural groups and ethnicities in the world.Each and every somebody has a backdrop and culture in which they come from, derive, or exist into. We dont have any control over whether or not we have peerless culture in our families or many, but thats what makes us diverse or unique and thats what gives us the culture African American, Jewish, Asian, or Latino. As I have read and researched many diverse cultures during this course, it has taught me a lot close culture and having respect for mine as substantially as anyone elses. We define the word culture as the totality of the human experience for social contexts.This experience is mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events. Culture also includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions related to our identities vivacious within the world (Hays, 2010). As I explore my background, I will and so learn more slightly who I am and the beauty of the culture that I originate from. My Family Genogram As I looked into my family history and called relatives to gain information about my background, I learned a lot and yet still want to be more about my family history and background.I was able to search and find four timess in my family tree on my m other(a) and develops side of the family. My family consists of a catch, a father, four sisters and one brother. One pattern in particular that I notice in my family is that there is a history of preachers and rectors stemming from my fathers side of the family, but as far as I can see the ministry started with my father. My mothers side of the family has unfaltering roots in the church and of being saved for long periods of cartridge holder.The one most characteristic that I can remember is that my parents both took us to church, record study, Sunday school, and any service that could go on in the course of the week. My f ather was not only a preacher, but also a pastor for all my life. Now my brother is an ordained elder as well as my sister and myself. I not only have preachers in my prompt family but I have several cousins in my family that are preachers and pastors. I believe that not only were we called into the ministry the culture that began in my father trickled down to us. It was a behavior that was taught to them and it continued in us.We were taught how to love the Lord and how to be saved. Once we were taught the way to go then my parents help us to practice this behavior on a regular basis and it became a part of our daily life, even at a young age. What was taught to us is now a way of living it is not forced but a true way of life. Proverbs 226 states, Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old, he will not depart from it. I like what is said from mental health professionals, Mental health professionals are increasingly aware that a strong spiritual base can enhance p ersonal resilience.The values, including sensitivity to others feelings, responsibility for ones actions, personal fulfillment and satisfaction, self-discipline, mercy of others, healthy sexual fulfillment, and striving for a sense of purpose(Bergin, 1991). As I think about this pattern I think about how my parents taught us the way in which we should live as well as teaching us the ways of idol. Now that both parents are deceased, the understanding and truth about our beliefs and choice of a relationship with God came from the values, strengths and beliefs that have been instilled in each and every one of my sisters and brother.The African American Culture As I researched and talked to relatives concerning my background, heritage and culture, it made me want to know more about my family and where it all began. I had fun putting Together my family tree or Genogram and I see wherefore it is important to know who we are and where we come from. I am an African American and both my p arents are of African American decent. In the African American culture, many of our ancestors came to America by capture and not by choice.It is said that many African Americans were slaves and were a part of slave trade that was increased between the 15th and 19th centuries (Bennett, 2003 Van Sertima, 1976). Many African Americans were brought here to make their white or European owners money and cause them to be prosperous in areas of agriculture. There were white indentured servants, who could have worked to till the ground and make the harvest plentiful, but it wasnt enough, so plantation owners saw it profitable to use African slaves as a solution to the problem (Zinn, 2003, p. 5). My father grew up in Alabama, which is known as the Deep South and he experienced more racial discrimination then did my mother. My father grew up poor and lack things that we as the fourth generation did not. My father always said that he would let and make sure that we had a better life then what he had to experience. I also know that my fathers side of the family were sharecroppers and was a part of several other sharecroppers that were denied aide for their crops during times when racial discrimination was on the rise.Everything during that time was considered bad if your unclothe colourize was dark or black and if your shinny color was light or white you were considered good or superior according to European Americans. Not only was black or dark skin considered inferior or bad, but European American were said to be Christian and black or dark skin was considered non-Christian. Prejudice against skin color became the justification for brutality and hatred, and racism became important in building the nations of the Americas (Zinn, 2003). One important aspect of the African American culture I would say would be that of the Underground Railroad.This was an important way out for many slaves in African American history. There is no way those we call African Americans could t alk about slavery or being free without talking about the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad, lead by Harriet Tubman, was a way of freedom, or in other words a network that helped escaped slaves to make their way to the free states as well as Canada. Between 1810 and 1860 as many as 100,000 enslaved African Americans were guided to freedom by the workers of the network, such as William Wells Brown, and Josiah Henson (Koslow, 1999).Another great leader and activist for the African American culture would be that of Dr. Martin Luther King junior Dr. Martin Luther King was not only an activist and a leader for African American, but he was also a minister and pastor in the Baptist church, which is a pattern of my family background and culture. His children also walked in his footsteps, as did my sisters and brother in my fathers footsteps in the ministry. One cannot be apart of such a great movement and not be affected by it in a positive way. I know that my father as well a s Martin Luther King Jr. ould be pleased to know that the values, beliefs and morals that they instilled in us did not go in vain or return void. I believe the culture that I grew up in and around help strengthen my faith and belief I God. We not only grew up in a household with these values and morals, but in our culture there was not too many people in our family that were not saved and had a relationship with the Lord. If I went to my aunts house I was around salvation and a strong belief system that God is in consecrate of my life. If I went to my great grandmothers house it was the same.We all shared this belief in common, a relationship with the Lord and a belief that God was the head of each of our lives. I learned at an early age to love the Lord and study to know why I believed in what I believed. I believe that on a personal level, the cultural values and systems that were instilled in me at an early age help to make me the person that I am now. I believe that being a Chr istian has caused me to be a lover of people, all people and regardless of their religion or background it has caused me to be open-minded.My father has always been a helper of people and he has always loved people no matter what and I truly convey God for that. I remember when I was a young child my father would bring people to the house, all kinds of people. He did not mind and he did not care what the socio economic status of the person was, whether or not they were bi-racial, pregnant out of wedlock or an alcoholic, it did not matter to him. Now that I am writing this paper, it is giving me nothing but revelation into my true destiny in counseling. I know that my father was a counselor as well as all the other titles and positions that he held.I always knew at an early age, or during my teenage years that I was to help people. I know that because my father was the way he was it manifested into my siblings and myself. My sisters and brother and myself are natural helpers and cou nselors now that I think about it, wow I never really estimate about it this way until I began to write this paper. My mother would always be hesitant when my father would bring all types of people home. I remember one Christmas when my father brought home a distant relative that was an alcoholic, and he sat right beside me at the dinner table.On another occasion my father was on his way home, and he saw a couple standing at a bus stop arguing, they were young and the girl was pregnant, my father stop to talk to them and he ended up bringing them home and he ministered to them. He gave them money to get to where they were going and took them back to the bus station to get back home. My mother would always tell my father how nervous she was because he would not care who he brought into the house around us, but he was concerned about their upbeat and their soul.He was a prime example of the word of God when it tells us And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled (Luke 1423). I now see the same characteristics that were in my father. I believe that I am a helper by nature. I currently work as a high school teacher, and they remind me each and everyday that I am supposed to be counseling. I dig they see the natural instinct of the gift of helps in me and they utilize it everyday, and I enjoy helping and counseling them. Spirituality has historically been an important factor in the lives of Africans.There was a myth that Africans did not have God and was without a sense of spirituality, but this is not true, this myth was made up by the slave owners and those that had anything to do with bringing slaves her to America. This myth was put out to make slave owners consciences to be at ease and to allow them to feel better about what they were doing (Billingley, 1992). Other Culture Patterns There are some other culture patterns that I have noticed in my background in the fourth gen erations that I have not seen in any other generation in my family, and that is in the area of divorce.I have divorced almost 4 years now, my sister is divorced, my brother is divorced, but now remarried, and two of my first cousins are now divorced, and one of those cousins has been divorced twice. I not only see this as a pattern, but I am wondering if it is a generational curse somewhere in the family line. This is not a part of my culture in particular, the things that I have learned from my parents as far as relationships and family is concerned is not about divorce. We have an example of longevity in marriages, and they are still together until this day.As far as a counseling aspect would be, I would be able to encourage longevity as well to my clients. I believe that there are so many issues in relationships directly that cause people to stray away from the family unit and break ties easier than hen my parents were alive. It was our heritage to stay together and love no matt er what, thats the heritage that I grew up around. One thing I remember was my parent being in love and if there was a problem or situation that was troubling, they didnt let us know about it. I believe that the day and time we live in today is so unlike the day and time when my parents were married and living.I believe it is a generational aspect that allows couples to leave so easy instead of staying together, it was unheard of then and the relatives that I have that are still married now are still married from the third generation. I want to be like my parents were in my next marriage. Another pattern I see in my family is a biological one. That pattern is multiple births this is a generational characteristic in my family. ternary births have been seen throughout the generations in my family, stating with my great great aunt. During a time when doctors could not detect multiple births, it was not known until a woman gave birth.During that time my great-great aunt had multiple b irths, some triplets and some jibe, but she would lose them at the time she was due to give birth because of the technology that is here no was not here then and doctors could not prepare for the births that were to take place. I have twins throughout my family now, I have a cousin from the third generation that had two sets of twins that are two boys, and then she had a boy and girl, fraternal twins. My mother has a twin sister, who is also fraternal twins, and my mother had twins fraternally, which is my brother Jevon, and my sister Jewel.